World Events Set Stage for Isolationism

1. What was the Japanese reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? (pgs. 4 - 5)
Some believed they should join the League of Nations in order to obtain some of the economic resources they needed, but many thought that the League of Nations would keep Japan a second-tier power, and that the larger nations would never treat Japan respectfully as equals. They were victims of a lot of racism, and demanded that an amendment be passed to prohibit racism and discrimination in the League of Nations, but it was not passed, and Japan was outraged, and many Japanese turned away from the West.

2. Read the pull-out box on page 4 entitled, "Japan Becomes a Great Power." Cite specific evidence Japan was becoming a strong power that rivaled European & American interests. And, why specifically was Japan threatened by U.S. actions?

Japan began to base its military and economy on other successful nations, and its success increased greatly. Its gross domestic service tripled, and its mining and manufacturing increased by six times. It then proceeded to gain more territory. in 1910, it annexed Korea, and in 1914, it waged war on Germany with intentions of moving in on China. Japan's interest in China conflicted with the interests of other powers, particularly Great Britain and the United States. From Japan's perspective, U.S. expansion into the Pacific Ocean posed a threat to its own expansion.

3. Why was the Washington Naval Conference convened and what was accomplished? (pg. 6) (Note: Japan signs the agreement.)

The Washington Naval Conference was convened because Japan's naval growth threatened U.S. interests, and they wanted to avoid a naval arms race. The nine nations that attended agreed to limit the size of naval ships, place a moratorium on building new battleships, outlawed the use of poison gases, and limited the role of submarines in future wars. They also affirmed China's sovereignty and created a policy of open trade with China. Finally, they agreed to settle issues about the Pacific Ocean by submitting them to a committee for resolution.

4. The Senate's willingness to ratify the Kellogg-Briand Pact relected two strong and widely held sentiments. What were they? (pgs. 6 - 7)
Americans didn't forget the damage that World War I had caused, and desperately wanted to avoid being dragged into another war like it. Also, policy-makers still resisted obligations of permanent alliances and wanted to be able to do what they want, where they want.

5. Why did Hitler enjoy popular support in Germany for most of the 1930s? Give three reasons. (pgs. 9 - 10)

Hitler enjoyed popular support in Germany for most of the 1930s because he improved the German economic situation and reduced the unemployment rate. Also, he restored pride for the Germans, which they had lost after their defeat in World War I and their punishment after it. Also, he defied the Treaty of Versailles and began to expand German power again.

6. Japan voiced its intentions to invade China for what two reasons? (pg. 10)

Japanese voiced its intentions to invade China in order to obtain the raw materials it had to offer and to expand its power.

7. Compare the Reichstag fire and the explosion on the Japanese railway in Manchuria. What did they accompllish?

The Reichstag fire and the explosion on the Japanese railway in Manchuria were both very similar. They were both used as an excuse for the Nazis and for Japan to act as they wanted. The fire was used as an excuse for the Nazis to act and eliminate rights and freedoms in Germany. The explosion was used as an excuse for Japan to invade China, because the incident was blamed on the Chinese.

8. Why was the united States unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930s with a significant military force? (pgs. 11 - 12)

The U.S. was unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930s because it had drastically reduced the size of its military after World War I.

9. Describe the major similarities and differences among liberal democracy, fascism, and socialism. (pg. 8)

Liberal democracy had a constitution, and was based on the rights and freedoms of the people. It has elected representatives that make decisions based on those rights and freedoms for the people. Fascism is based on government power over the economy, and it emphasizes the government's power over the people. Socialism also involved the government taking power over the economy and the people, but its goal was to create a classless society, and make the people "equal" to each other.

FDR & the New Deal

1. Describe how people struggled to survive during the depression.

Many of the people living in cities lost their jobs then their homes, and they were forced to live in the street. People began using scrap junk to build makeshift shacks, and they began to form "shantytowns." African Americans and Latinos suffered more, facing the same troubles as the rest of the country and also increased racism from whites competing with them for jobs. Some Latinos were deported to Mexico, and others just left voluntarily. In rural areas, farmers could at least grow crops for food. However, due to t he debt, many farmers lost their farms to foreclosure. The Great Plains suffered dust storms, which created the "Dust Bowl," and many people left to escape the Dust Bowl.

2. How was what happened to men during the Great Depression different from what happened to women? Children?

Men were faced with trying to find work to support the family. They would go out on the street to look for jobs. After a year or two, or even three, men started to get so discouraged that they give up and stop trying. Some men left their families. The men who lost their homes wandered the country, and they were called hoboes. Occasionally, hoboes, mostly men, would turn up in homeless shelters in cities.

The women worked to support their families. They took care of housework and food and sewed clothes. They also managed their financial budget to minimize what they spend and save as much money as possible. Many women worked outside of their homes, but for less pay. Eventually, men began to resent women for taking up jobs that should be theirs.

Children suffered from poor diets and health care. Falling tax revenues made schools shorten the school year, and some even closed. Many children went into labor instead to make some money. Teenage "wild boys" jumped onto fright trains to roam the country trying to escape poverty and find work. They were sond of poor families, and eager to travel the country for free.

3. Describe the causes and effects (on people) because of the Dust Bowl.
The causes of the Dust Bowl was the people that farmed on the great plains. The plowing, in order to plant crops, removed any protective plants that held the soil together, and then the overproduction of crops in the land exhausted the soil. So when the drought and winds came there were few plants to hold the soil there. The result was frequent dust storms that drove many farmers to leave their land behind.

Objective: Summarize the initial steps Franklin D. Roosevelt took to reform banking and finance.

4. What was the New Deal and its three general goals? (The 3 Rs)
The New Deal's three general goals were relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.

5. What did Roosevelt do during the Hundred Days?

During the Hundred Days, FDR and Congress passed 15 major pieces of New Deal legislation, which greatly increased the national government's power in the economy. He also closed all banks, and had their status inspected. Those that were fine reopened, those that needed help received loans, and those who were insolvent stayed closed.

6. Why were Roosevelt's fireside chats significant?
FDR's fireside chats were significant because they explained his actions and his New Deal to the people, gave them advice on how they could help save the economy, and also gave them hope and restored confidence.

7. Describe four significant agencies and/or bills that tightened regulation of banking and finance.

The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). It provided federal insurance to individual bank accounts for up to $5000.

The Federal Securities Act, passed in May of 1933, required businesses to supply complete information about all stock offerings and to be help accountable for misinterpretations.

The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) was created by Congress to regulate the stock market.

Allowed the sale of alcohol and placed a tax on alcohol to raise the tax revenue.

: Causes & Early Effects of the Great Depression

1. What happened on "Black Tuesday"?
On "Black Tuesday," stock holders frantically tried to sell their shares before prices fell even lower, and on that day 16.4 million shares were dumped.

2. How did the economic trends of the 1920s in industry, agriculture, and with consumers help cause the Great Depression? (Make sure you include significant details about each area in your answer. It should be at least a paragraph)


3. According to your reading, what are the major causes of the Great Depression?
The stock market crash was a cause of the Great Depression. Also, banks that had money invested in the stock market lost money and went out of business, so many people lost the money in their accounts that was held at those banks. Other businesses failed as well; about 90,000 businesses went bankrupt. As a result, many people lost their jobs, and the unemployment rate went up to 25 percent. Some of the main reasons, according to teh reading, were tariffs hindering American trade, unequal distribution of income, availability of easy credit, and a crisis in the farm sector.

4. What was Hoover’s philosophy of government?
Hoover believed that one of the main functions of government was to maintatin cooperation between competing groups and interests in society. He believed that, if htere were an issue, the government would step in and bring the two sides to cooperate voluntarily. He did not believe goverment should force cooperation, just encourage and facilitate it.

5. What was Hoover’s initial reaction to the stock market crash of 1929?
Hoover's initial reaction to the stock market crash of 1929 was to be cautious and call together professionals to cooperate and help find a solution. He also requested that companies and laborers do not do anything to make the impact worse, like cutting wages, or going on strike for higher wages. He also created an organization to raise donations for poor people.

6. What was the nation’s economic situation in 1930?
The nation's economic situation in 1930 was disastrous. Farmers refused to work their fields and sell their crops for such a low price, and people blocked food shipments in attempt to raise food prices and profits. Everyone blamed Hoover and began to hate him. The victims of poverty gave the things they used to survive without a home nicknames after Hoover.

7. How did voters in 1930 respond to this situation?
Voters in 1930 responded by blaming Hoover for the situation, and democrats took advantage of the people's anger towards Hoover by campaigning with anti-Hoover ideas. The democrats won many congressional elections, and the republicans lost their superior numbers in Congress.

8. What did Hoover do about the economic situation?
Hoover tried to help the economy by making negotiations between organizations to make them cooperate and try to raise prices and profits. He also persuaded large banks to create the National Credit Corporation, which gave loans to smaller banks to help them avoid bankruptcy. When this failed, Hoover passed the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, which lowered mortgage rates for home owners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans to avoid foreclosure. His most ambitious measure, though, was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. It authorized up to $2 billion to be loaned to large corporations to help them pay workers and employ more workers. It was still not enough to save the economy.

9. How did the economy respond to his efforts?
His efforts were ineffective to save the economy. His attempts to make companies and organizations cooperate did little to help, and the acts and organizations he passed and created did not have much of a helpful effect. The only thing that came from his attempts was skepticism and anger from the people that disagreed with and blamed him.

The Twenties Woman

1. Note two ways women's fashions changed.
1. They began to dress in felt hats, dresses an inch above the knees, skin toned silk stockings, and beads.

2. They clipped their hair to boyish bobs and dyed it jet black

2. Note two ways women's social behavior changed.
1. They became assertive and began smoking cigarettes and drinking in public

2. They began to view marriage as an equal partnership.

3. Note two words that describe the attitude reflected by these changes.
1. Assertive

2. Rebellious

4. Note one way women's work opportunities improved.
1. Many became teachers, nurses, and librarians- "women's professions"

2. A few women took jobs that were once men's roles such as flying planes, driving taxis, and drilling oil wells

5. Note two ways women's home and family life improved.

1. The birthrate was declining at a faster rate due to more availability of birth control methods

2. Stores had items that made house life easier like ready made clothes, sliced bread, and canned food

6. Note three negative effects that accompanied women's changing roles in the 1920s.

1. Women discovered the struggles of juggling work and family

2. Rebellious children

Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues

After World War I, many Americans feared that Communists would take over the country.

1. How did the Justice Department under A. Mitchell Palmer respond to this fear?

He hired assistants and they hunted down the potential "communists."

2. Why did Palmer eventually lose his standing with the American public?

He found no evidence and people began to doubt his efforts, and thought he was just trying to look good for his campaign.

3. How did the Ku Klux Klan respond to this fear?

The KKK used the scare of communism as an excuse to attack immigrants and foreigners to drive them out of the country.

4. Why did the Klan eventually lose popularity and membership?

They eventually lost power because of their criminal acts.

5. Briefly describe how Sacco and Vanzetti became victims of the Red Scare.
The Red Scare created a lot of fear of immigrants, and Socco and Vanzetti were both immigrants. Therefore, they were accused of murder and sentenced to death, even though the evidence was circumstantial and not clear proof.

Public opinion turned against labor unions as many Americans came to believe that unions encouraged communism.

6. Why was the strike by Boston police unpopular with the public?

Because they believe the strike encouraged anarchy and communism, and were against it.

7. Why did Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge become so popular?

Because he stopped the Boston police strike, and therefore people believed he stopped anarchy and communism.

8. Why was the strike at U.S. Steel unpopular?

Because propaganda was released linking them to Communists.

9. How did President Wilson respond to the steel strike?

He made a written plea to the "negotiators" to settle on something and end the strike.

Teacher Appreciation Day!!

For teacher appreciation day, I would like to thank you, Mr. Hyer, for being an excellent teacher and helping me be prepared for the IB. Have a cake

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Woodrow Wilson Fights for Peace

1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?

Called for the creation of a League of Nations, which would be a way for nations to settle disputes without having to resort to war.

2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?

Germany was told by the treaty to drastically reduce its military, return land to France, and to pay $33 million in reparations.

3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?

The treaty's weaknesses were that it didn't guarantee peace for long, because it placed all of the blame on Germany, and made them pay for it, and assumed no responsibility. This will leave Germany very bitter and angry. It also took land from Russia, who fought with the Allies and suffered the most casualties, and they were determined to regain that land.

4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?

Henry Cabot Lodge objected to the treaty because he was suspicious of the joined effort of the different nations, and wanted the right of Congress to declare war.

5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?

He ignored the Rupublican majority in the Senate, and was stubborn and refused to compromise.

6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?

They were angry about their unfair treatment, and their social, political, and economic systems suffered massive losses. Also, there were many unresolved issues, and many Europeans longed to continue fighting.

7. Who is George Clemenceau?

George Clemenceau was the French premier. He had seen two invasions on France and was determined to prevent another.

8. Who is David Lloyd George?

David Lloyd George was the British prime minister. He had just been reelected with a campaign slogan "Make Germany Pay."

9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.

Russia, then under communist rule, did not participate in the peace conference. Although, the treaty took more land from Russia than from Germany.